Introduction
1971년, ChristopherAlexander는 오레곤 대학교에서 대규모의 설계를 맡게 된다. 그 결과를 1975년에 책으로 저술한다.
이 책에서 그는 커뮤니티에서 건설과 계획을 하기 위한 6가지 원리를 내세운다.
유기적 질서의 원리 The Principle of Organic Order
- 계획이나 시공은 전체를 개별적인 행위로부터 서서히 만들어가는 것과 같은 프로세스에 의해서 인도될 것
참가의 원리 The Principle of Participation
- 건설 내용이나 건설 방법에 관한 모든 결정은 이용자의 손에 맡길 것
점진적 성장의 원리 The Principle of Piecemeal Growth
- 각 예산년도에 기획되는 건설은 소규모인 프로젝트에 특히 중점을 둘 것
패턴의 원리 The Principle of Patterns
- 모든 설계와 건설은 정식으로 채택된 패턴이라고 불리는 계획원리의 집합에 의해서 지도될 것
진단의 원리 The Principle of Diagnosis
- 커뮤니티 전체의 건강 상태는 커뮤니티 변천의 어느 시점에서도 항상 어떤 공간이 살려지고 어떤 공간이 살려지지 않았는가를 상세히 설명하는 정기적인 진단에 근거해서 보호될 것
조정의 원리 The Principle of Coordination
- 마지막으로 전체에 있어서 유기적 질서의 완만한 생성은 이용자가 추진하는 개개의 프로젝트의 흐름을 제어하는 재정적 처치에 의해서 확실한 것으로 될 것
Chapter 1. Organic Order
In the middle twentieth century, most communities which try to take a responsible attitude to their environments have adopted, or intend to adopt, an instrument of planning policy called a "master plan," to control the individual acts of building which go on there. In different countries this master plan is also called a general plan, a development plan, an outline plan.
Master plans take many forms; but almost all of them have one thing in common. They include a map, which specifies the future growth of the community, and prescribes the land uses, functions, heights, and other qualities which may, or should, be built in different areas.
These maps, and master plans, are intended to coordinate the many hundreds of otherwise independent acts of building. They are intended to make sure, in a word, that the many acts of building in a community will together gradually help to create a whole, instead of merely making up an aggregation of unrelated parts, a chaos.
In this first chapter we shall argue that the master plan, as currently conceived, cannot create a whole. It can create a totality, but not a whole. It can create totalitarian order, but not organic order. We shall argue, in short, that although the task of making sure that individuals acts of building cooperate to form a whole is read, the conventioanl master plan - based on a map of the future - can not possibly perform this task. As we shall ses, the conventional master plan cannot solve the basic problem, because it is too rigid to do so - and, because, in addition, it creates an entirely new set of other problems, more devastating in human terms than the chaos it is meant to govern.
In presenting this argument, we shall restate, in some degree, the arguments already presented in The Timeless Way of Building: but we shall now focus on the practical questions which are created by these arguments.
Let us begin with the idea of organic order. Everyone is aware that most of the built environment today lacks a natural order, an order which presents itself very strongly in places that were built centuries ago. This natural or organic order emerges when there is perfect balance between the needs of the individual parts of the environment, and the needs of the whole. In an organic environment, every place is unique, and the different places also cooperate, which no parts left over, to create a global whole - a whole which can be identified by everyone who is a part of it.
Chapter 2. Participation
Chapter 3. Piecemeal Growth
Chapter 4. Patterns
Chapter 5. Diagnosis