http://www.amazon.com/First-Principles-Instruction-David-Merrill/dp/0470900407

DavidMerrill이 만든 이론.

논문

Merrill의 제1 교수원리에 기초한 중학생 대상 저염화 영양교육의 교수설계 및 평가

http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12172173 원문

Merrill의 제 1 교수 원리

Merrill은 다양한 교수설계 이론과 모형들이 필수적으로 동의하는 처방적인 설계 원리를 '제 1 교수 원리'라 정의하고 있다. 이것은 문제 중심적 접근으로부터 활성화-시범-적용-통합의 효과적인 교수 4단계로 Fig. 1과 같이 언급하고 있다.

http://unchange.pbworks.com/f/Merril-first-principles-of-instruction-2.png

Fig. 1. Phases of effective instruction (Merrill, 2002a).

또한 Merrill은 제1 교수원리에 대하여 다음과 같이 제시하였다.

제1 교수원리의 구체적 의미

Merrill은 제1 교수원리에 대한 부수적 교수원리를 제시하였고 그 후 논문(2006a)에서 제시한 질문 형태의 부수적 교수원리와 연결하여 정리해보면 Table 1과 같다.

Table 1. Corollary instructional principles from the first principles of instruction

P-1
Problem

Does the instruction involve authentic real-world problems or tasks?

P-2
Show task

In place of a formal objective, does the instruction show the learners the whole task they will be able to do or the whole problem they will be able to solve to do or the whole problem they will be able to solve as a result of completing the instruction?

P-3
Task level

Does the instruction teach the component tasks of the problem or task and then help the learner use these components in solving the whole problem or doing the whole task?

P-4
Problem progression

Does the instruction involve a progression of problems, not just a single application?

Ac-1
Previous experience, New experience

Does the instruction direct learners to recall, relate, describe, or apply prior knowledge from relevant past experience that can be used as a foundation for the new knowledge? If learners have limited prior experience, does the instruction provide relevant experience that can be used as a foundation for the new knowledge?

Ac-2
Mental models

Does the instruction help learners see its relevance and to have confidence in their ability to acquire the knowledge and skill to be taught?

Ac-3
Struction

Does the instruction provides or encourage the recall of a structure that can be used to organize the new knowledge?

D-1
Demonstration

Does the instruction demonstrate (show examples of) what is to be learned, rather than merely telling information about what is to be learned?

D-2
Demonstration consistency

Are the demonstrations (examples) consistent with the content being taught?

D-3
Learner guidance

Are some of the following learner guidance techniques employed?

D-4
Relevant media

Are the instructional media relevant to the content and used to enhance learning?

Ap-1
Application

Do learners have an opportunity to practice and apply their newly acquired knowledge or skill?

Ap-2
Practice consistency

Are the application (practice) and assessment (tests) consistent with the stated or implied objectives?

Ap-3
Feedback

Is the practice followed by corrective feedback and an indication of progress, not just by right-wrong feedback?

Ap-4
Diminishing coaching

Does the application or practice enable learners to access context sensitive help or provide coaching when they are having difficulty in solving the problem or doing the tests? Is coaching gradually diminished with each subsequent task until learners are performing on their own?

Ap-5
Varied problems

Does the instruction require learners to use their new knowledge or skill to solve a varied sequence of problems or complete a varied sequence of tasks?

I-1
Integration

Does the instruction provide techniques that encourage learners to integrate (transfer) the new knowledge or skill into their everyday life?

I-2
Watch me

Does the instruction provide an opportunity for learners to publicly demonstrate their new knowledge or skill?

I-3
Reflection

Does the instruction provide an opportunity for learners to reflect on, discuss, and defend their new knowledge or skill?

I-4
Creation

Does the instruction provide an opportunity for learners to create, invent, or explore new and personal ways to use their new knowledge or skill?

제1 교수원리의 교육적 의미

McCarthy((1996)dml 4-MAT 접근법, Kolb의 경험학습 이론, Dewey의 교육이론으로부터 Merrill이 제안한 제1 교수원리의 맥락에서 교육적 의미를 찾아볼 수 있다.

McCarthy의 4-MAT 접근법

McCarthy의 4-MAT 접근법은 Merrill의 교수단계를 체계적으로 정리하는데 영향을 준 모형이다. Merrill은 교수 지향적인 반면 McCarthy는 학습 지향적으로 두 이론의 시각은 근본적으로 다르다. 그러나 수업은 교사와 학습자의 상호적인 관계로 이루어지므로 두 이론을 연결하여 고찰해볼 수 있다. Merrill의 교수단계와 비교한 McCarthy의 4-MAT는 Table 2와 같다.

Table 2. Comparison of the theories of Merrill and McCarthy

Merrill, M, D

McCarthy, B

Instruction

Learning

Problem centered
Let me do the whole task!

Activation
Where do I start?

WHY?

Meaning
connect, examine, share, dialogue, reflect

Demonstration
Don't just tell me, show me!

WHAT?

Conceptualizing
acquire knowledge, understand theory, image, define

Application
Let me do it!

HOW?

Operationalizing
act, practice, tinker, try, extend

Integration
Watch me!

IF?

Renewing
refine, integrate, adapt, re-present, share, renew

Merrill의 교수단계와 McCarthy가 제안한 왜?-무엇을?-어떻게?-만약? 의 학습단계는 학습이 문제 중심적 접근일 때 서로 공통적 의미를 가진다. 왜 그것이 문제가 되는지(Why?-문제 중심적 활성화), 그 문제와 관련된 정보가 무엇인지(What?-시범), 그 문제를 해결하기 위해서 어떻게 할지(How?-적용), 학습자가 자신의 삶 속 어떠한 상황 또는 문제에서 내면화 과정을 거친다면(If?-통합) 학습은 촉진될 것이라는 공통적인 원리이다. 이와 같이 수업에서 교수와 학습을 연결해 볼 때, Merrill의 문제 중심적 교수 4단계와 McCarthy의 4-MAT 학습은 공통적인 의미를 가진다.

Kolb의 경험 학습

Dewey

FirstPrinciplesOfInstruction (last edited 2020-04-07 01:49:25 by 정수)