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| #acl +All:read CognitiveTaskAnalysis 를 실용적으로 쓸 수 있는 방법. |
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| * Past & future * (Diagnosing and Predicting, Mental Simulation) * 상황의 과거와 미래 인지 (ex. 안봐도 비디오다) * When experiencing a situation, experts are able to figure out how that situation developed, and they can think into the future to see where the situation is going. Among other things, this allow the expert to head off problems before they develop (de Groot 1946/1978; Endsley, 1995; Klein & Crandall, 1995; Klein & Hoffman, 1993) * Is there a time when you walked into the middle of a situation and knew exactly how things got there and where they were headed? * Big Picture * (Situation Awareness) * 큰 그림 보기 * Novices may only see bits and pieces of a situation. Experts are able to quickly build an understanding of the whole situation, the "big picture" view. This allows the expert to think about how different elements fit together and affect each other. (Endsley, 1995; Klein, 1997) * Can you give me an example of what is important about the Big Picture for this task? What are the major elements you have to know and keep track of? * Noticing * (Perceptual Skills) * 남들은 못봤는데 내가 알아챈. * Experts are able to detect cues and see meaningful patterns that less-experienced personnel may miss altogether (de Groot, 1946/1978; Klein & Hoffman, 1993; Shanteau, 1985) * Job Smarts * (Heuristics, Tricks of the Trade, Contextual Practices) * 업무 요령. 노력을 덜 들이면서 큰 효과를 보는 방법? * Experts learn how to combine procedures and work the task in the most efficient way possible. They do not cut corners, but they do not waste time and resources either (Klein & Hoffman, 1993) * When you do this task, are there ways of working smart or accomplishing more with less -- that you have found especially useful? * Opportunities / Improvising * 더 잘 할 수 있는 기회 어떻게 포착했었는지? * Experts are comportable improvising -- seeing what will work in this particular situation. They are also able to shift directions to take advantage of opportunities (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986; Shanteau, 1985) * Can you think of an example when you have improvised in this task or noticed an opportunity to do something better? * Self-monitoring * (Metacognition) * 하던걸 변경해야 한다고 깨달았던 * Experts are aware of their performance, they check how they are doing and make adjustments. Experts notice when their performance is not what it should be (due to stress or fatigue, for example), and they are able to adjust to get the job dong (Cohen, Freeman, & Wolf, 1996; Glaser & Chi, 1988) * Can you think of a time when you realized that you would need to change the way you were performing in order to get the job done? * Anomalies * (Perceptual Skills, Situation Awareness) * 평소와 뭔가 다른. 잘못된 상황 인지. 직전에 예측 * Novices don't know what is typical so they have a hard time identifying the unusual or atypical. Experts can quickly spot unusual events and detect deviations, and they are able to notice when something that should happen does not happen (Chi, Hutchinson, & Robin, 1988; Klein, 1989; Klein, 1997; Klein & Hoffman, 1993) * Can you describe an instance when you spotted a deviation from the norm, or knew something was amiss? * Equipment difficulties * 통상적 데이터와 본인 인지 달랐던 경우 * Experts know that their equipment can sometimes mislead. Novices usually believe whatever the equipment tells them, they don't know to be skeptical (Cannon-Bowers, Salas, & Converse, 1992) * Have there been times when the equipment pointed in one direction, but your own judgement told you to do something else? Or when you had to rely on experience to avoid led astray by the equipment? |
KnowledgeAudit [[attachment:4militelloappliedcognitivetaskanalysisacta1998.pdf|Applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA): a practitioner's toolkit for understanding cognitive task demands]] |
