wholeness, center, coherence, 15 properties
Contents
Preface
Part One
- What is living structure?
- What is life in buildings?
- What is a living world?
- What is the structure of a living world?
1. The Phenomenon of Life
1. Introduction
우리는 매우 특이한 과학적 문제에 직면해 있습니다. 20세기 말 현재 생물학계에서는 "생명"에 대한 유용하고 정확하며 적절한 정의가 존재하지 않습니다. 20세기의 전통적인 과학적 정설에 따르면 생명, 더 정확히 말하면 살아있는 시스템은 특별한 종류의 메커니즘으로 정의되어 왔습니다. "생명"이라는 단어는 특정한 제한된 현상 체계에만 적용되었습니다. 이 책에서는 이러한 개념이 바뀌어야 한다는 것을 보여줄 것입니다. "질서"는 공간의 특성으로 인해 발생하는 가장 일반적인 수학적 구조 체계로 이해할 수 있습니다. 그리고 "생명" 역시 이와 비슷한 일반성의 개념입니다. 실제로 제가 설명할 사물의 체계에서 모든 형태의 "질서"는 어느 정도의 "생명"을 가지고 있습니다. We find ourselves up against a very unusual scientific problem. Within biological sciences as they stand at the end of the 20th century, we do not have a useful, or precise, or adequate definition of "life". In traditional 20th-century scientific orthodoxy, life - or, to be more precise, a living system - has been defined as a special kind of mechanism. The word "life" has been applied only to a certain limited system of phenomena. We shall see, in this book, that this conception of things needs to be changed. "Order" may be understood as a most general system of mathematical structures that arises because of the nature of space. And "life" too, is a concept of comparable generality. Indeed, in the scheme of things I shall describe, every form of "order" has some degree of "life".
2. The Need for a broader and More Adequate Definition of Life
3. A New Concept of "Life"
4. The Feeling of Life in Organisms
5. The Feeling of Life in Ecological Systems
6. Life in Ordinary Human Events
7. The Feeling of Life in Traditional Buildings and Works of Art
8. Life in Twentieth Century Buildings and Work of Art
9. Intense Life in Ordinary Poverty
10. The Task of Making Ordinary Life in Things
2. Degrees of Life
3. Wholeness and the Theory of Centers
1. Introduction
현상으로서의 생명(life as a phenomenon)을 이해하려면, 내가 "the wholeness"라고 부르는 그 무언가를 정의하는게 필요하다. 그리고 wholeness의 빌딩블록인, 내 용어로는 "centers"라고 부르는 crucial entities도 필요하다. 이 개념들은 다소 추상적이다. 이 정의들(wholeness, centers)로 인해, 우리는 to see the way that life comes about (chapter 4), the structural features which all life has (chapter 5), the nature of function and ornament (chapter 12)를 알 수 있다. 이 장의 내용들은 우리가 생명(life)을 구조(a structure)로서 이해하기 위한 기초작업을 하는 것이다.
2. The Idea of Wholeness
우리는 직관적으로 알 수 있다. 건축물의 아름다움, 생명, 생명을 지원(support)하는 능력(capacity) 이 모든 것들이 그것이 전체로서 기능한다는 사실(the fact that it is working as a whole)로부터 온다는 것을.
그런데 우리는 이것(wholeness)을 정확하게 설명하는 방법을 모른다.
<몇몇 설명들...>
이 모든 예시들에서, 전체(wholeness)가 가장 중요한 요소이다: 지역적인 부분들(local parts)은 전체와의 관계 속에서 존재(exist chiefly)하고, 그들의 행동과 특성, 구조는, 그들이 존재하고 그들이 만들어낸 더 큰 구조에 의해 결정된다.
몇 년 동안 생각한 후에, 나는 내가 정확한 언어로 what we mean by the wholeness of a given situation을 정의할 수 있게 되었다고 믿는다. 기본적인 생각은, 우리가 전체성을 구조로서 정확히 정의할 수 있다는 것이다. 이 구조는 부록에 수학적 언어로 정의되어 있다. 이후의 몇 쳅터에서는, 여러 예제들을 통해서, informal language로 이 아이디어를 설명하겠다.
3. An Example of the Wholeness in a Simple Case
the wholeness in any part of space는, 어떠한 구조(structure)인데, it is defined by
- all various coherent entities, that exist in that part of space (centers?)
- and the way these entities are nested in and overlap each other. (relations between centers?)
빈 A4 용지에 점을 하나 찍었을 때, segments of space를 간단하게 나열해볼 수 있다. 먼저 나오는 요소가 relative strength as entities:
- 종이 그 자체
- 점
- 점 주위의 halo
- 점 아래의 사각 영역
- 점 왼쪽의 사각 영역
- 점 오른쪽의 사각 영역
- 점 위쪽의 사각 영역
- 왼쪽 위 구석
- 오른쪽 위 구석
- 왼쪽 아래 구석
- 오른쪽 아래 구석
- 점에서 위로 뻗어나가는 선
- 점에서 아래로 뻗어나가는 선
- 점에서 왼쪽으로 뻗어나가는 선
- 점에서 오른쪽으로 뻗어나가는 선
- 이 선들로 인해 형성되는 흰 십자가
- 점에서 가장 가까운 종이 모서리로 향하는 선
- 점에서 그 다음 가까운 종이 모서리로 향하는 선
- 점에서 세번째로 가까운 종이 모서리로 향하는 선
- 점에서 가장 먼 종이 모서리로 향하는 선
전체성의 기본적(basic)인 아이디어는, 이 stronger zones or entities들이, 함께, define the structure which we recognize as the wholeness of the sheet of paper with the dot. 나는 이 구조(structure)를 전체성(wholeness)이라고 부른다.
4. The Origin of the Strength in Entities
5. The Concept of a Center
6. Wholeness as a Subtle Structure
7. A Further Example of Wholeness as it is Captured by the System of Centers
8. The Fundamental Entities of Which The World is Made
9. The Subtlety of Centers which Exist in the World
10. Wholeness as a Fundamental Structure
11. The Global Character of Wholeness
12. Wholeness as a Fundamental Part of Physics
13. Wholeness as the Underlying Substrate of All Life in Space
14. Life Comes Directly from the Wholeness
4. How Life Comes from Wholeness
5. Fifteen Fundamental Properties
2.1. Levels of Scale
생명이 있는 물체(objects)들을 연구할 때 가장 먼저 알아챈 사실은, 그것들이 모두 서로 다른 크기(different scales)를 가지고 있었던 것. I would now say that,
- 이 물체들의 센터들은 are made of tend to have a beautiful range of sizes,
- and these sizes exist at a series of well-marked levels, with definite jumps between them
한 마디로 말해서, 큰 센터들, 중간 사이즈 센터들, 작은 센터들, 아주 작은 센터들.
만약 두 물건을 비교해서, 하나가 다른 하나보다 더 생명이 있다면, 아마도 그것은 그 안에 더 나은 levels of scale이 있을 가능성이 크다. The idea is far more subtle than it seems.
It is also extremely important that to have levels of scale within a structure, 서로 다른 스케일 간의 차이(jumps)는 반드시 너무 크지 않아야 한다.
2.2. Strong Centers
2.3. Boundaries
2.4. Alternating Repetition
2.5. Positive Space
2.6. Good Shape
2.7. Local Symmetries
2.8. Deep Interlock and Ambiguity
2.9. Contrast
2.10. Gradients
2.11. Roughness
2.12. Echoes
2.13. The Void
2.14. Simplicity and Inner Calm
2.15. Not-Separateness
3. The Nature and Meaning of the Fifteen Properties
4. The Interplay of the Properties
15 Properties 간에 dependency graph를 그릴 수 있다.
- Levels of Scale - Strong Centers, Boundaries, Good Shape, Contrast
- Strong Centers - Alternating Repetition, Local Symmetries, Contrast, Gradients, The Void, Not Separateness
- ...
이 graph에 대해 MDS를 그려서 클러스터링을 할 수 있다. (PURPLSOC: The Workshop 2014)
- Contrast, Not Separateness
- Roughness, Alternating Repetition, Good Shape
- Local Symmetries, The Void, Levels of Scale, Positive Space
- Boundaries, Strong Centers, Deep Interlock and Ambiguity
- Simplicity and Inner Calm, Echoes, Gradients
5. How the Fifteen Properties Help Centers Come to Life
- Levels of Scale
- is the way that a strong center가, 그 안에 있는 작은 강한 센터들에 의해서 일부 강해지고, 또 그것을 포함하는 더 큰 센터들에 의해서 일부 강해진다.
- Strong Centers
- defines the way that a strong center requires a special field-like effect, created by other centers, as the primary source of its strength.
- Boundaries
- is the way in which the field-like effect of a center is strengthened by the creation of a ring-like center, made of smaller centers which surround and intensify the first. The boundary also unites the center with the centers beyond it, this strengthening it further.
6. The Fifteen Properties in Nature
Part Two
7. The Personal Nature of Order
1. Introduction: What does it mean for something to be personal?
무언가 personal하다는 것은 if it reflects the peculiarities of a given individual이다: 당신이 오토바이를 좋아한다는 것, 이를테면; 내가 좋아하는 색깔이 녹색이라는 것 등등.
내 생각에는, 이것은 what "personal" really means에 대한 매우 협소한(shallow) 해석이다. A thing is truly personal 그것이 우리 안에 있는 우리의 인간성(humanity)을 건드릴(touch) 때. 그래서, 이를테면, this miniature sketch of a synagogue is personal. 그것은 personal하다. 왜냐하면 그것은 raises feelings of a human and personal nature in us 우리가 그것을 보았을(look at it) 때. It makes us feel vulnerable, slightly weak at the knees. It raises the childish in me. It touches me in some vulnerable part.
"personal"이라는 단어의 trivialization은 현재 우리 대중적인 문화의 일부분이다, immersed in mechanistic cosmology. 하지만 이 책에서의 world-picture의 관점에서 보면, "personal"은 a profound objective quality which inheres in something. 그것은 idiosyncrate하지 않고 universal하다. 그것은 사물(a thing) 그 자체 안에 있는 무언가 참되고(true) 기초적인(fundamental) 것을 가리킨다(refer).
I believe all works which have deep life and wholeness in them are "personal" in this sense.
센터들의 필드(the field of centers)가 참될(authentic) 때, 그것은 항상 개인적(personal)이다. 만약 그것이 올바른 구조를 가지고 있지만 개인적이 아니라면, 텅 빈 구조이고, only masquerading as life, 그리고, 모든 이러한 경우에는, it will turn out that we have misjudged it structurally.
2. Our Everyday Personal Feeling and The Field of Centers
To make it more clear how the field of centers and our deep personal feeling are connected, 몇몇 일상의 사례를 생각해보는 것이 유용하다.
예를 들면, 거의 모두는 꽃을 사랑한다. Few things in the world are quite as moving as a meadow full of wildflowers in early spring: buttercups, daisies, tiny orchids, forget-me-nots, wild roses, cowslips, primroses, wild hyacinths, and dozens of tiny flowers 너무 흔해서 우리가 이름을 잘 모르는 것들 - white lilies of the valley, yellow ragwort, sky-blue bluebells, scarlet primpernels. I don't know if anyone has ever asked just why flowers, of all things, should seem so so especially lovely, so beautiful to us. 하지만 wholeness라는 아이디어는 그것을 참으로 잘 설명한다. 꽃은 자연에서 일어나는, 가장 완벽한 센터들의 장(fields of centers) 중 하나이다. 그리고 꽃들이 무리지어 있을 때, on bushes, clumped, strewn in a meadow together는 highly complex living fields of centers를 만든다, perhaps among the most beautiful in nature. 만약 센터들의 장이, 그것 자체로, 우리와 깊이 연결되어 있는 것이 참이라면, and stirs our feelings, our passion, then of course a meadow full of flowers - one of the most elaborate and simple fields of centers - will have thouse touching quality we know: depth, tenderness, and loging.
같은 현상, 같은 정서적인 힘이 다른 평범한 사물들에도 존재한다. 예를 들어 생각해보라, 어린이의 생일 파테와, 그 파티의 high point, 불이 켜진 채 케잌이 방 안으로 들어오는 순간, 그리고 테이블 가운데에 자리잡고. 그 테이블은 그 자체로 LOCALLY SYMMETRICAL이다, BOUNDARY와 STRONG CENTER와 함께. 가장자리(boundary)를 더 단단하게(solid) 만들기 위해, 우리는 가장자리(edge) 주위에 put the place settings, each one itself destined to be a center. 그리고 to mart the main center, 우리는 place there a great jug of fowers, 또는 케이크 그 자체, making a GRADIENT toward the middle. 그리고, at each place settings, we put a small place mat, with the knives and forks arranged around it in symmetries to create the center more firmly, and to create detail at the boundary of this smaller center. To make the place even nicer, we will perhaps use a lace table mat, which itself has a major center and a lacy, imbricated edge, again making still smaller centers around the center.
The big jug of flowers that fills the center of the table might perhaps have two candels, one on iether side, to mark it and to form its edges. The minor center, the birthday cake itself, is also decorated with a ring of small birthday candles in ALTERNATING REPETITION, marking its boundary, forming a chain of centers, leaving the central space in the middle of the cake cmpty (THE VOID)) for the name of the person, or an ornament.
8. The Mirror of the Self
1. Introduction
... 내가 chap 1~7까지에서 묘사한 것들은, tell us that 삶은 can be seen as a phenomenon which depends entirely on the existence of centers in the world. Wholeness는 made of centers. Centers는 appear in space. When the wholeness becomes profound, we experience it as life, in buildings, in other artifacts, in nature, even in actions. ... It is responsible for the functional life in a building (the way it works) and for the geometric life (its beauty). 그것들은 하나이고 같은 것들이다.
... But even if we want to accept it, we still don't really know what it means. What is it? What is this thing which happens as space comes to life? What is the life of a center, which then multiplies and blossoms to form the life of buildings, ornaments... and perhaps even the life of living thing?
We need to know how to measure it, how to estimate the degree of life inhrent in a given center, and above all to find out what is is. If the wholeness is as important as it appears to be, it is of course essential that we can reach an objective understanding of ot, that we learn to recognize it as something which is objectively present in any given part of the world we pay attention to.
2. Liking Something from the Heart
What people like can often not be trusted, because it does not come from the heart.
반면에, 진짜 좋아한다는 것은, 마음에서부터 비롯되고, is profoundly linked to the idea of life in things. 무언가를 마음으로부터 좋아한다는 것은, means that it makes us more whole in ourselves. 그것은 healing effect on us. It makes us more human. It even increases the life in us.
- The things we like (from the heart) make us feel wholesome when we are near them.
- We also feel wholesome when we are making these things. As we make them, and after making them, we feel whole in ourselves, healed, and right with the world.
- The more accurate we are about what we really like, in this sense of liking from the heart, the more we find out that we agree with other people about which these things are.
- What we like from the heart coincides with the objective structure of wholeness or life in a thing. As we get to know the "it" which we like from the heart, we begin to see that this is the deepest thing there is. It applies to all judgements - not just about buildings and works of art, but also about actions, people, everything.
- There is an empirical way in which we can help ourselves to find out what we really like from the heart. Nevertheless, it is not easy to find what we really like, and it is by no means automatic to be in touch with it. It takes effort, hard work, and personal enlightenment to understand it and to feel it. It requires liberation from opinions and concepts and ego to experience deep liking.
- The reasons for the existence of this deep liking are mysterious, not obvious. To plumb them we shall have to exmine the nature of things - even, ultimately, the nature of matter itself - very carefully. Nevertheless the reasons are empirical. We may determine, empirically, to what extent a thing has the ability to rouse this deep liking in us. It is not a private matter.
- Somehow, the experience of real liking has to do with self. As we find out which things awaken real liking in ourselves, we find ourselves more in touch than before with our own selves.
- When we find out the things we really like, we are also more in touch with all that is.
9. Beyond Descartes: A New Form of Scientific Observation
10. The Impact of Living Structure on Human Life
11. The Awakening of Space
Conclusion
Appendices